Religious Coexistence in Israel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strict Coexistence in Israel - Research Paper Example Then again, the Jews draw their legacy from the Hebrews and Israelites. Bedouins and Jews have a long history of contact between one another from different periods: Hebrew, Assyrian, Babylonian, Roman, Byzantine, and Persian times. What's more, in any event, during the ascent of the Islam religion during the seventh and eighth hundreds of years, Arabs and Jews proceeded to coincide in broad geological areas from Morocco to certain pieces of China (16; De Lange 143). After numerous hundreds of years have passed, another two strict gatherings sprung up in Israel, which further demonstrated that strict concurrence is conceivable in Israel, and even in America. Today, the Christian division and the Druze populace keep on calmly exist together with the Arabs and the Jews. Reiteratively, strict conjunction can advance in Israel. The Jewish Population The number of inhabitants in the Jews is dispersed among Israel and the Western World. Larger part of the residents of Israel are Jewish, and an enormous extent of this populace rehearses Judaism. Furthermore, regardless of the steady and nonstop ascent of the Arab populace, the Jews stay dynamic even amidst the issue of strict conjunction (Stillman 91). The focal point of this paper is twisted on the Israeli Jews who are dwelling in the territory of Israel. Israel, a Jewish state, is home to about half of world’s all out Jewish populace. ... ignificant Israeli-Jew populace that is spread between the Haredi and Hilonim Jewish civic establishments utilize the adherence to mainstream lifestyle, in this way contributing further to the strict decent variety of the Jewish populace in Israel (Scherman 17; Halper 32). In an ongoing study directed by Pittinsky et al. (2), the Jews show uplifting attitude toward having to strictly coincide with Arabs (Steiner and Berkley 129). While there is no reference to different strict gatherings, for example, the Christian section and the Druze populace, 73% of the Jewish residents communicated certifiable assessment of strict conjunction, with 57.5% who concur and 15.5% will in general concur (2). The Muslim Population As previously mentioned, the Arab (Muslim) populace has a long history of contact with the Jews; by and by, not all that much with the Christians and the Druze, in any event, in Israel. Jerusalem is the zone of fixation for Muslims in Israel (Abu-Nimer 166; Lerner 12). In act uality, Mount Moriah, which is in Israel, is the area of Jewish sanctuaries and Islam sanctuaries. This is just one of the numerous signs of how the strict concurrence between the Jewish and Muslim populaces advanced for such a significant number of years (Lewis 28; Hillman 27). Greater part of the Muslims in Israel are Sunni Arabs. Their control upheld and guaranteed the significance and importance of Islam as the main religion in the district (Abu-Nimer 166; Lewis 52). The catch of the Palestine by the British individuals and the resulting Balfour Declaration made ready for the flood of a significant populace of Jews in the Palestine who initiated to slant the parity toward Judaism (Kadushin 203; Steinberg 36). In the ongoing decades, an increasingly dynamic advancement graced the state as Muslims in Israel were permitted to execute

Frozen Shoulder and Ageing free essay sample

Maturing is a complex organic procedure. It has been characterized as a â€Å"biological procedure of becoming more seasoned from a pernicious perspective, what a few creators call senescence.† It comprises of â€Å"changes that render individuals logically bound to die.† (Magalhã ¡es). Maturing has numerous impacts everywhere throughout the world, the chief of which concerns socioeconomics. More seasoned individuals shapes an enormous main part of total populace, and the vast majority of them live in less created nations. 66% of the number of inhabitants in more seasoned individuals lives in the creating scene. (World Health Organization). As indicated by measurements from the World Health Organization, 600 million individuals are matured 60 and over in the year 2000 alone, and it is anticipated that such number would explode to around 2 billion constantly 2050. (World Health Organization). The most serious issue assailing the more seasoned populace is the logical and natural actuality that they are progressively inclined to contracting illnesses and they recoup less effectively, because of their debilitating substantial opposition. We will compose a custom article test on Solidified Shoulder and Aging or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This prompts their reliance on others around them. Studies show that more established individuals carry on with a progressively inactive way of life because of the advancement of many work sparing innovation. Subsequently, in Australia, it is assessed that â€Å"one-third of every Australian grown-up in danger of significant medical issues because of physical inactivity.† On the other hand there is no debate that expanded physical movement gives numerous medical advantages, the first is the expanded capability of more seasoned individuals to recuperate from any disease or injury. (Australian Government Department of Health and Aging). In this association, it is important that dynamic maturing has been picking up prevalence, as the â€Å"process of enhancing open doors for wellbeing, investment and security so as to hold onto personal satisfaction as individuals age.† Active maturing contains numerous aspects of wellbeing structured towards expanding the personal satisfaction of more established individuals and making them increasingly free. (Dynamic Aging). One of the numerous wounds that can inconvenience more established individuals is solidified shoulder or cement capsulitis. It is characterized as a â€Å"shoulder joint with critical loss of its scope of movement in all directions.† Such confinement or misfortune in the scope of movement can be watched both when the patient endeavors movement and when a specialist attempts to move the joint completely while treating the patient. (Shiel Jr.). Solidified shoulder is brought about by â€Å"inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the container that encompasses the ordinary shoulder joint.† This implies solidified shoulder could emerge from any injury to the shoulder, for example, tendonitis. While the most widely recognized survivors of this condition are those with diabetes or constant incendiary joint inflammation of the shoulder, more established individuals might be inclined to the malady in view of their inclination to be genuinely dormant. (Shiel Jr.). References Dynamic Aging. Recovered January 11, 2007, from  http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/fundamental/WHO/Progs/HEA/Home/ American Academy of Family Physicians. (1999). Recovered January 10, 2007, from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.aafp.org/afp/990401ap/990401c.html American Geriatrics Society. Physical Activity. Maturing up to date. Recovered January 11, 2007,  â â â â â â â from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.healthinaging.org/agingintheknow/chapters_ch_trial.asp?ch=11#reducing Australian Government Department of Health and Aging. Physical Activity and Health:  â â â â â â â Evidence and Research. Recovered January 11, 2007, fromâ  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.health.gov.au/web/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/wellbeing pubhlth-strateg- dynamic evidence.htm Changes in Musculature. Recovered January 11, 2007, from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.aginginplace.org/attributes/physiology/muscle.html Magalhã ¡es, J.P. What is Aging? Recovered January 10, 2007, from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.senescence.info/definitions.html Shiel Jr., W.C. Solidified Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis). Solidified Shoulder Center.â Retrieved  â â â â â January 10, 2007, from http://www.medicinenet.com/frozen_shoulder/article.htm Skelton, D. (2006). Remaining Active Helping Older People Maintain their Mobility. Update on  â Aging. Recovered January 10, 2007, from  â â â â â â â http://www.laterlifetraining.co.uk/archives/Stayingactive.pdf Speer, K.P. (2005). Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation for Active Older Adults. World Health Organization. The world is quick maturing have we taken note? Recovered January 11,  â â â â â â â â â â 2007, from http://www.who.int/maturing/en/

All Quiet on the Western Front-Novel Free Essays

â€Å"Men may have gotten away from the shells of fight however were frequently decimated by war† How is this thought investigated in the novel? â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† composed by Erich Maria Remarque investigates the possibility that men have gotten away from the shells of fight yet were frequently devastated by war. Remarque presents the adjustments in Paul and his companions and by showing the feeling of segregation the men feel after the war by utilizing a scope of strategies. Remarque shows the adjustments in Paul and his companions by demonstrating how the young men were once school young men who had a training and a future however war quenched all honesty and trust in a future. We will compose a custom article test on All Quiet on the Western Front-Novel or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The young men start as a guiltless class of twenty youngsters have the conviction that war would be a radiant encounter. â€Å"†¦Our heads were brimming with indistinct thoughts which cast a glorified, practically sentimental sparkle over life and even the war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 15)This empowers the peruser to understand the amount of an effect the assessment of the more seasoned age had. Remarque utilizes the procedure of comprehensive language â€Å"When we came around here we were cut off, regardless, from all that we had done up to that point. † (p. 4) to uncover the all inclusive enduring of the men. At the point when Paul gets back he understands that lone the individuals who encountered the war would really comprehend the impact the war had on the person. When Paul’s Mother converses with him about the war she attempts to comprehend what Paul is enduring however Paul acknowledges she genuinely has no clue. â€Å"She says ‘with the gas and the remainde r of it’. She doesn’t realize what she is saying†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 116) This further devastates the men as they as nobody really comprehends what they’re feeling. Remarque keeps on utilizing analogies during the content to show how the boys’ point of view has changed significantly. â€Å"†¦The war has demolished us for everything†¦ We are not, at this point youngsters. We’ve lost any longing to overcome the world. We are displaced people. We are escaping from ourselves. From our lives. † (p. 63) this statement underscores how the war has murdered everything within them that at any point sought after a future in light of the fact that the young men can't actually escape from their lives. ‘We are refugees’ keeps up the point that they will always be unable to escape from the war and its belongings. Ultimately the allegory â€Å"an pit of suffering† settles the measure of agony, anguish and languishing the young men will look over the remainder of their lives. On a superficial level apparently the war has not affected Paul and his way life yet his battles are up and coming when he returns home on leave. Paul encounters a profound sentiment of disengagement when he gets back to end up attempting to reconnect with civilisation. â€Å"The scenes existed once-yet they will stay away for the indefinite future. They are gone, they are a different universe, a world that is in the past for us† (p. 7) This desires the peruser to identify with Paul as he utilizes a dismal, urgent manner of speaking, wishing that he could turn out to be a piece of his old world once more. â€Å"This abrupt encounter with the edified world is a lot for me. † (p. 174) This emphasizes the point that Paul has been away for such a long time, living in a totally extraordinary universe of dea th, depression and dread that he is overpowered at the possibility of a perfect bed and an appropriate can. At the point when Paul gets back he builds up a comprehension of how a boundary has fabricated itself among Paul and his previous lifestyle. This statement further depicts the seclusion Paul feels comfortable â€Å"’You are home, you are home. ’ But there is a cumbersomeness that won't leave me, I can’t become accustomed to everything yet†¦ There is a cover and a couple of steps among me and them. † (p. 115) â€Å"Suddenly a horrendous sentiment of detachment gushes inside me. I can’t get back, I’m bolted out; anyway much I may argue, anyway much I try†¦ and the past gets some distance from me. † (p. 124) Remarque utilizes the manner of speaking and words, for example, ‘I’ and ‘me’ to presume that Paul is separated from everyone else in his anguish and that as of right now, he has nobody to go to. The representation ‘the past gets some distance from me’ permits the peruser to completely appreciate how solid the boundary is that has shaped and how secluded Paul feels when he portrays how he feels as though his past is truly getting some distance from him and abandoning him in the vulnerability and give up all hope of war. Remarque successfully caught how in spite of the fact that men got away from the shells of fight their lives were annihilated by the war. It uncovers how the men advanced from being youthful and blameless with a family and future to knowing only passing and despair and having no desire for a future. The most effective method to refer to All Quiet on the Western Front-Novel, Essay models

Freedom Of Speech A Theoretic Approach - Free Essay Example

Freedom of Speech: A Theoretic Approach INTRODUCTION The Constitution â€Å"demands that content-based restrictions on speech be presumed invalid and that the Government bear the burden of showing their constitutionality.†[footnoteRef:1] That is to say, anything recognizable as a conception of freedom of expression must require that government, at least in its capacity as regulator, maintain a position of neutrality regarding messages. However, there are content-based restrictions on speech that have been allowed but only in a few instances such as incitement, obscenity, defamation, speech important to establish criminal conduct, fighting words, child pornography, fraud, true threats, and speech creating a serious and imminent threat the government has the power to prevent. As hate speech and rumors proliferate social media, many countries have attempted to implement â€Å"fake news† laws. Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar have all seen an increase in â€Å"fake news† and have attempted to criminalize anyone who delivers â€Å"fake news† including Brazil, Germany, France, and Kenya. Moreover, according to the decision in U.S. v. Alvarez, the United States has attempted and failed to criminalize â€Å"fake news.† [1: Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, 542 U.S. 656, 660, 124 S.Ct. 2783, 159 L.Ed.2d 690] Malaysia passed a law that would punish citizens on social media or those who are working at a digital publication for spreading fake news with a $123,000 dollar fine along with a possible prison sentence of up to six years. In France, the parliament has passed a law that targets fake news. The new law will impose a quick-response judicial review of potentially â€Å"manipulative† information shared during electoral periods. The new law will allow election candidates to sue for the removal of contested news reports during election periods, as well as forcing platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to disclose the source of funding for sponsored content.[footnoteRef:2] Germany introduced a plan that fined social media platforms if they did not remove posts that included hate speech. However, in the Philippines, the regulators stated that banning fake news in their country would be outright unconstitutional. The movement to ban fakes news is trending and nations like the United States are trying to come up with a solution that does not abridge the First Amendment. One way to curb fake news without abridging the First Amendment is allowing or encouraging companies or the market to handle it. For instance, YouTube is making a $25 million dollar investment to â€Å"improve its news features, joining Facebook, Apple, and parent company Google in campaigns to curb fake news†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [footnoteRef:3] Additionally, companies like RedPen are reducing the problem by using a combination of innovative technologies, including AI, natural language processing and sentiment analysis, to for multiple angles of a trending story in a single user interface. This information is great for companies; but what can the government do? Unlike private companies, the government is in a tough predicament due to the constraints of the First Amendment. The Government cannot censor speech while private companies can. To fully understand the concept of fake news, we have to look further into the past pre-trump era. [2: YOUNG, ZACHARY French Parliament passes law against ‘fake news’ 7/4/18, 12:44 PM CET Updated 7/4/18, 1:15 PM CET] [3: Olenski, Steve. â€Å"5 Ways Brands Can Combat Fake News† https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveolenski/2018/07/12/5-ways-brands-can-combat-fake-news/#5e6f771448f6 ] Fake news is not a new concept and has been around for quite some time. Even in 1938, a radio broadcast adaptation of H. G.Well’s drama The War of the Worlds frightened an estimated one million residents.[footnoteRef:4] The residents believed what they heard on the radio station was, in fact, happening since the radio was the main source of media in the 1930s. Currently, now that online platforms, particularly social media, are becoming the main sources of news for a growing number of individuals, misinformation seems to have found a new channel.[footnoteRef:5] Fake news is the intentional and verifiably false information that could mislead readers.[footnoteRef:6] Social media has changed news distribution and has challenged traditional beliefs of how news should look. Quick snippets of information from innumerable sources delivered every second of the day would cause a lot of confusion. [4: Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Zheng Wei Lim Richard Ling 2018] [5: Tandoc 2018] [6: Id.] The news is supposed to be based on truth, but who decides what the truth is? Statements are true if they correspond to the facts in the world. Truth is not absolute but maybe its relative to the culture, nation, ethnic backgrounds, and schools of thought. For example, science is a way to make the truth more absolute. There are methodologies, case studies, and empirical research that make of the paradigm of science. However, even with the scientific methods, we still find disagreement. The truth tends to be relative to a particular frame or reference. In order to determine what news is considered fake, we must look at what is the nature of â€Å"real news.† Traditionally, the news was expressed by journalists who adheres to a code of professionalism. A journalist must be objective and accurate. Above all, provide citizens with accurate and truthful information so they can be free and self-governing. With that responsibility, there comes liability. A journalist must stray away from providing misinformation and never provide disinformation. While misinformation refers to â€Å"the inadvertent sharing of false misinformation,† disinformation refers to â€Å"the deliberate creation and sharing of information known to be false.†[footnoteRef:7] Traditional news forums have printed misinformation plenty of times. Trump credits himself as being the creator of the term but the term has been around for a while. It was used heavily in campaigns during the 90s. [7: Wardle 2017 para. 1.] Since 2016 the Supreme Court has made references to how ambiguous and vague the phrase is. For instance, in Cohen v. California, the statement â€Å"fuck-the-draft† tapped directly into the vagueness issues and definitional difficulties afflicting the statutory phrase â€Å"offensive conduct† and whether, in turn, â€Å"fuck† fell within that definition.[footnoteRef:8] At the most fundamental level, fake news is a speech based phenomenon[footnoteRef:9]. It typically features words and may involve images. The First Amendment, thus, is relevant to the extent that restricting fake news necessitates government action targeting its producers and disseminators. The possibility of such government regulation is much more than just a hypothetical. California attempted to pass a bill that made it illegal to knowingly and willingly make, publish, or circulate on an Internet Website, or cause to be made, published, or circulated in any writing posted on a website, a false or deceptive statement designed to influence the vote on either a voter or candidate for office.[footnoteRef:10] Eventually, the bill was struck down. The major barrier, of course, is that political speech lies within the heart of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court and lawmakers must first understand what â€Å"fake news† actually means before any useful law can be passed. First, statements of opinion are not considered fake news. One possibility is that fake news consists of content that conveys the impression of being a real news article in print or, more appropriately, on the Internet.[footnoteRef:11] [8: Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 25 (1971).] [9: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16. Pg. 156] [10: Id. ] [11: Id. at 161] For the purposes of this paper, the term fake news will be an intentional sharing of false information that gives the impression of being a real news article in print or on the Internet. This paper will determine whether fake news should be protected by the First Amendment, explore recent court decisions including Alvarez, apply Free Speech Theory and determine which theory or theories are best equipped to address the implications of the fake news, particularly, the news that was spread before the 2016 Presidential election. ANALYSIS A. United States v. Alvarez In Alvarez, Justice Kennedy stated Content-based restrictions on speech are subject to strict scrutiny and are almost always invalid, except in rare and extreme circumstances. While low categories of speech, such as defamation and true threats, present a serious and imminent threat, false statements alone do not present such a threat. Congress drafted the Stolen Valor Act too broadly, attempting to limit speech that could cause no harm.[footnoteRef:12] This principle regarding causation of harm, drawn from Justice Anthony Kennedy’s plurality opinion in United States v.Alvarez, becomes most relevant if the government attempts to regulate fake news.[footnoteRef:13] The Alvarez rule that proof of causation of harm must be demonstrated to uphold a content-based restriction on speech under strict scrutiny springs from the Court’s 2011 decision in the violent video game case of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association. The majority concluded that punishment for false stat ements are improper and unconstitutional. Hence, Justice Breyer agreed with the overall decision but not in the analysis. Justice Breyer stated that instead of applying strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny is warranted. Even with applying intermediate scrutiny, punishment for false statements, the Stolen Valor Act, in this instance would be unconstitutional because it violates intermediate scrutiny and it applies to situations that are unlikely to cause harm.[footnoteRef:14] However, the dissent essentially stated that the Stolen Valor Act could not have been drafted any narrower, while still preventing the substantial harm caused by false statements concerning military decoration.[footnoteRef:15] [12: United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709 (2012).] [13: Id. at 725.] [14: Id.] [15: Id.] The best argument made in the opinion is the concurrence by Justice Breyer and Kagan. Intermediate scrutiny or the proportionality analysis should be used because the statute works First Amendment harm, while the Government can achieve its legitimate objectives in less restrictive ways. This approach is necessary if the First Amendment is to offer proper protection in the many instances in which a â€Å"statute adversely affects constitutionally protected interests but warrants neither near-automatic condemnation (as â€Å"strict scrutiny† implies) nor near-automatic approval (as is implicit in â€Å"rational basis† review).†[footnoteRef:16] However, the dissent points out that â€Å"there are broad areas in which any attempt by the state to penalize purportedly false speech would present a grave and unacceptable danger of suppressing truthful speech.†[footnoteRef:17] In fact, the court has not extended First Amendment protection on several occasions. The dissent points out several examples such as defamation of a public official. The dissent further leans on New York v. Sullivan stating â€Å"[e]ven a false statement may be deemed to make a valuable contribution to public debate, since it brings about ‘the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.†[footnoteRef:18] The dissent believes the plurality fears that we will see laws making it a crime to lie about civilian awards such as college degrees or certificates of achievement in the arts and sports.[footnoteRef:19] The dissent believes that the Stolen Valor Act is a narrowly tailored law to address an important issue. Congress was entitled to conclude that falsely claiming to have won the Medal of Honor is qualitatively different from even the most prestigious civilian awards and that the misappropriation of that honor warrants crimina l sanction.[footnoteRef:20] Although the dissent makes a good argument, the plurality made the best argument that I align myself with. False statements should not be regulated by the government unless it essential the elements of a crime such as Fraud. [16: U.S. v. Alvarez at 731] [17: Id. at 751] [18: J. Mill, On Liberty at 15] [19: U.S. v. Alvarez at 753] [20: Id. at 754 ] The plurality and concurrence fear that the government will misuse and overreach if the government is allowed to regulate. Because the statute, as drafted, applies even in a family, social, or other private contexts where lies are unlikely to cause harm, it creates too significant a burden on protected speech.[footnoteRef:21] The government could achieve its goals in a less burdensome way. The best solution to restrictions of speech, in this case, is intermediate scrutiny. [21: Id.] B. REGULATION Speech regulation is adopting policies and taking actions designed to reduce the prevalence of one or more classes of speech; therefore, it is an effort to reduce the amount of particular speech. Even mature democracies struggle with the issue of fake news. On January 1, 2018, Germany announced that it would begin to enforce a law, known as NetzDG, requiring social media sites to remove hate speech and fake news within 24 hours or face fines of up to 50 million Euros.[footnoteRef:22] The European Commission’s High Level Group on fake news and online disinformation take a 5 pillar approach to the fake news concept. In March 2018, the High Level Group issued a report concluding that although disinformation may not necessarily be illegal, it nevertheless is harmful to democratic values. This approach reminds me of the Harm Principle and although apparently avoiding â€Å"any form of censorship, either public or private,† it advocates greater self-regulation in the short te rm, with a long-range goal of developing a Code of Practices to encourage transparency, media literacy, diversity, the development of tools to â€Å"tackle† disinformation, and further research to monitor and assess the sources and impact of fake news.[footnoteRef:23] On the other hand, also in March, the Dutch Parliament voted to retract EUvsDisinfo.eu, a European Union website created by the East Stratcom Task Force in 2015 to report disinformation and fake news allegedly spread by Russian actors. Its Dutch opponents characterize it as a state publication that â€Å"passes judgments whether a publication in the free media contains the correct views or not. If your publication ends up in its database, you’re officially labeled by the EU as a publisher or disinformation and fake news.†[footnoteRef:24] [22: European Commission, â€Å"A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation.† ] [23: Id.] [24: Id. at 18.] These examples illustrate how problematic it can be when governmental entities become arbiters of what is true and what is fake. As the Dutch critics argued, governments should be loath to interfere in freedom of the press because â€Å"it makes it impossible for the truth to emerge in the public debate.†[footnoteRef:25] The marketplace of ideas must have been an underlying reason in the Dutch critic’s argument. It was definitely at the core of the pivotal 1964 U.S. Supreme Court decision, New York Times v. Sullivan. [25: Id. at 22] The Sullivan case arose during the civil rights movement, involving a Montgomery, Alabama, public safety commissioner named L.B. Sullivan, who sued the New York Times after it published a fundraising advertorial that described law enforcement actions designed to discourage protests by activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers. Sullivan claimed that the ad, which made several factually inaccurate allegations about the Montgomery police, had defamed him personally, even though he was not identified by name or title. In other words, Sullivan claimed the publication was fake news. He sought and won $500,000 in damages, without being required under Alabama law to prove that his reputation was actually harmed. But in a decision by Justice William Brennan, the high court reversed, concluding that under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, public officials like Sullivan could prevail in a libel suit only if they were also able to show not only falsity but actual malice on the part of the publisher. In other words, a publisher had knowledge that the statement was false, or proof that the publisher acted with reckless disregard for the truth. A showing of hatred or ill will, known as common law malice, is not sufficient to meet that test. According to Justice Brennan, because some factual errors are inevitable even in the most careful news reporting, this protection is essential to avoid media self-censorship, to promote vigorous reporting on government and public officials, and to preserve our â€Å"profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust and wide-open.† In subsequent years, the First Amendment protection expanded to include lawsuits by public figures as well as government officials. Alleging falsity was not enough. No doubt this situation is what prompted Donald Trump, first as a candidate and then as president, to float the idea that the law should be changed. Regulation should increase due to the swelling fabrication of news that is highly contentious. When there is social tension, especially if there are serious political, religious, racial or cultural differences, then people will be more vulnerable to fabricated news.[footnoteRef:26] The items can also be shared on social media and thus further gain legitimacy since the individual is receiving them from people they trust.[footnoteRef:27] This is a problem because most young and middle age, and a growing number of past generations rely heavily on social media for their news source.[footnoteRef:28] [26: Kirtley, Jane â€Å"Getting to the Truth: Fake News, Libel Laws, and â€Å"Enemies of the American People† American Bar Association] [27: Id.] [28: Head, Alison. â€Å"How Students Engage With News.† https://www.projectinfolit.org/news_study.html] C. Freedom of Expression and Free Speech Theory A marketplace of ideas approach provides the community with the opportunity to hear all ideas whether good or bad. The marketplace of ideas is imperfect but essential to facilitate the search for truth. This approach, because of the immense volume of ideas, allows for good ideas to emerge. The theory is that truth beats error in the competition of ideas. This concept and process is beneficial in discovering the best truth because the individual is exposed to a variety of paradigms and ideologies which help build a better, more tolerant, community. This approach does not silence the expression of opinion or ideas whether good or bad. Furthermore, under the Justice Holmes approach to the marketplace of ideas, the approach does not consider whether government interference is desired in order to prevent harm. It does state, however, that government interference should be minimal so that the truth would not be tainted in the marketplace. Notwithstanding where the government can actively e ngage in speech to further governmental ideas, you can infer that this approach is at the foundation of the Alvarez opinion. Under this approach, false statements are inevitable if there is to be an open and vigorous expression of views in public and private conversation, an expression the First Amendment seeks to guarantee.[footnoteRef:29] The marketplace of ideas is a great theory, however, this theory is based on an important assumption. [29: United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 718 (2012)] If there is fake news, there must be truth out there somewhere. If we accept that there is fake news then the assumption is that everyone is in search for the truth or best truth. This theme has been endorsed by famous writers of many eras. John Milton stated â€Å"Let Truth and Falsehood grapple; who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter.†[footnoteRef:30] And Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, in his famous dissenting opinion stated â€Å"[W]hen men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths, they may come to believe even more than they believe the very foundations of their own conduct that the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas – that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market.†[footnoteRef:31] Since 2016, it seems clear that marketplace competition forces, standing alone, will not drive fake news from the field of expression.[footnoteRef :32] For some people, the truth may be outweighed or overpowered when grappling, more like passively accepting, fake news. [30: Milton 1644] [31: Abrams v. United States 1919, 630] [32: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16.] The marketplace of ideas approach focuses on speech maximization which increases the amount of speech in particular classes through forums, media, speech tokens and types. This specific method is offered to combat fake news or false information. However, in a marketplace full of bad ideas, flooding the market with good ones does not seem to solve the problem. The marketplace could be chaotically flooded with ideas making it hard to discern and extract the good ideas from the bad. This will further exacerbate the problem and lead to misinformation being distributed making it difficult for individuals to extract the best truth. Additionally, the marketplace of ideas will become the marketplace of opinions or fake news. For instance, social media outlets such as Facebook makes it extremely difficult for citizens to discern the truth. I know the marketplace of ideas is not the marketplace of facts, but I believe the pioneers of the theory thought it should be a place of competing ideological convictions and fidelity to the true idea. Currently, there is a shift towards a preference for online news resources. In a study conducted by Alison Head found that the high school and college population is no longer on Facebook. The study indicated that high school and college students get their news from real-life discussions with peers (93%) and not just from social media (89%).[footnoteRef:33] Professors were considered a significant news source as well (70%), but librarians were not as effective as a source of news (7%).[footnoteRef:34] The most common source of news is memes, instagram, and snapchat. Head states that the tech giant Facebook is dying. Seeing this change, you would think that citizens would be more aware of fake news. People who understand fake news as a reality should rightfully be more skeptical about the veracity of what they read rather than accepting it blindly or at face value.[footnoteRef:35] If a consumer knows that fake news exists, it should encourage the consumer to be a more attentive, active, and always challenging the status quo. Some would even look at fake news circulating the market as a benefit because unfortunately, fake news will always circulate the marketplace, we just have to educate ourselves with discernment. [33: Head, Alison. â€Å"How Students Engage With News.† https://www.projectinfolit.org/news_study.html ] [34: Id.] [ 35: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16.] Today, no matter whether the information is true, marketing is most important. Even when the idea itself is fake, as long as the party distributing the false information claims that the opposing idea is â€Å"fake news† they have an upper hand due to market trends. For example, a republican claiming that a democrat is conveying fake news. Maybe we should focus on real news and, specifically, ways to make it more appealing to the massive number of Americans who bypass reading traditional daily newspapers and watching local television newscasts produced by reputable organizations.[footnoteRef:36] Therefore, the marketplace of ideas approach alone may not be the best solution to solving fake news. There is no doubt that tackling fake news is a muti-faceted approach. We need news literacy. We need to educate ourselves on how to vet disreputable reputable sources, and how to properly research. However, here, we will focus on the theory or theories that will help weed out fake news without abridging the First Amendment. [36: Benton, Joshua Get Serious About Getting Rid of Fake News, NIEMAN REPS., Fall 2016, at 38, 39.] The regulation of fake news might even be contradictory to the marketplace principle. However, the Harm principle might play a major role in regulating fake news. Under the Harm principle fake news would be okay so long as it does not cause anyone harm. Moreover, the only purpose that power can be exercised over any member of the civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. This principle is grounded in Utilitarianism. Under the Harm Principle, individuals are free to drink, smoke, or use drugs even though this harm is self-inflicted. However, the moment that self-infliction begins to hurt others, such as drinking and driving, it must be stopped. More specifically, the only time government can interfere or suppress an individual’s complete liberty is to prevent harm to others. For example, the pizzagate scandal. a man carrying an assault rifle walked into a pizza restaurant in Washington, DC. He was intent on investigating on his own whether the restaurant, Comet Ping Pong, was the headquarters of an underground child sex ring allegedly run by the presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and her former campaign manager, John Podesta.[footnoteRef:37] The man was motivated by stories disseminated through right wing social media outlets. He entered the restaurant and fired several shots in the ceiling. This would be fake news that has caused harm. Fortunately, no one was injured by the gunshot but there was a definite probability of it happening. [37: Lopez, German. â€Å"Pizzagate, the fake news conspiracy theory that led a gunman to DC’s Comet Ping Pong, explained† Dec. 2016.] John Stuart Mill’s harm principle suggests that â€Å"the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.†[footnoteRef:38] As so eloquently summarized by Professor Frederick Schauer, this means â€Å"that society may proceed only against genuine harms and not against other forms of individual or social discomfort.†[footnoteRef:39] What then, in reference to Millian theology, is the â€Å"harm to others†[footnoteRef:40] caused by fake news? [38: Mill, John S. On Liberty 80 (David Bromwich George Kateb eds., Yale Univ. Press 2003).] [39: Schauer, Frederick On the Relation Between Chapters One and Two of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, 39 CAP. U. L. REV. 571, 574 (2011).] [40: Mill, On Liberty, note 33 pg. 80] Identifying the harm or harms that we fear fake news produces is a condition precedent or any effective corrective action, be it through legal or private channels. One important step that lawmakers seeking to regulate any speech-based phenomenon must take is to â€Å"identify, with precision and specificity, the actual problem that the speech caught in the legislative crosshairs allegedly causes.†[footnoteRef:41] In other words, when it comes to fake news, one must â€Å"pinpoint the precise harm, not just some generalized, indistinct worry.†[footnoteRef:42] Mill’s underlying argument that freedom of speech allows poor ideas to be discussed, criticized, and defeated.[footnoteRef:43] But if that were true, why are having such a difficult time discerning the truth from fake news? In short, news is no longer found on traditional forums and access to resources has increased dramatically. [41: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16.] [42: Id. at 256] [43: M ills, J. On Liberty, Chapter 4] The Marketplace of ideas approach is not so much concerned with harm, as it understands that not everyone will be in the majority. Which is why merging this idea with the Harm Principle seems proper. The marketplace of ideas is concerned with the truth. Truth causing harm is okay as long as the truth benefits the majority. Likewise, under the Harm Principle, if understood liberally, – i.e., taking into consideration that the principle of utility is its foundation, – harm is okay so long as it brings the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.[footnoteRef:44] It is the combination of the Marketplace approach and Mill’s Harm principle that regulation is likely to succeed. Combining these concepts almost looks a bit like an intermediate scrutiny approach the concurrence discussed in Alvarez. However, there is another method that may help in regulating fake news and it concerns private entities such Facebook. [44: Nahra, Cinara. (2014). The har m principle and the greatest happiness principle: the missing link. Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia, 55(129), 99-110.] Most people today are acquiring their news from a source not deemed a forum or media corporation or outlet. Because of this, fake news has increased exponentially. Companies like FB are in a peculiar situation. Although they are indeed private companies; they are so massive that most people use its platform to engage in speech-related activities. One idea offered by Joshua Benton is that Facebook could hire editors to manage what shows up in its trending section, one of the major ways misinformation gets spread and a team of journalists and â€Å"charge them with separating at least the worst of the fake news from the stream.†[footnoteRef:45] A lot of this can be easily done with Facebook’s algorithm. Matter of fact, the outrageously fake news could be weighted a certain way in the algorithm. Facebook does have regulations and safeguards in place in reference to the freedom of expression. Facebook policies, although not all of them are known, have limitations on an individual’s freedom of expression. This all typically depends on the social movement and newsworthy content at the time. Facebook also states that it will remove content that attacks gender, age, sex, and race. Facebook has also decided to take down false information or fake news that is intended to immediately incite violence and physical harm. This is all dependent upon a user reporting the issue and the context of the issue. However, there are some issues with this. There is a possibility that by allowing social media companies to help regulate the market, you could be infringing upon the companies rights. Moreover, it may be difficult to prevent these companies from violating the First Amendment rights of individuals who wish to speak on the Internet. A possible solution would be to categorize companies like Facebook as a designated forum then the government will have more room for regulation. [ 45: Benton, Joshua. Get Serious About Getting Rid of Fake News, NIEMAN REPS., Fall 2016.] APPLICATION Although the public forum doctrine playing role, it does not solve the fake news issue. The best approach would be a combination of the marketplace of ideas approach, Harm Principle and Intermediate Scrutiny must be at the heart of restricting fake news. What does this mean? The approach I offer is one of a balancing test. Balancing the marketplace of ideas and the harm. Moreover, if the government is to intrude in this area in any way there must be some form of intermediate scrutiny. If Congress decides to put a statute in place, it must be narrowly tailored to achieve a legitimate governmental interest. If there is a less restrictive way than the statute proposes, then the statute is unconstitutional. I do not believe in punishing companies in order to achieve this goal unlike Germany. I believe hate speech is a necessary evil as long as it avoids becoming a true threat. However, we must encourage thoughtful forms of expression. One way to do so, similar to utility companies and their Energy Efficient programs in various states, is to offer an incentive. One incentive may be a capped tax break for the percentage of investment. However, unlike the Energy Efficiency programs there will not be any lost net revenues recovered because the amount of information trafficked through social media sites are innumerable. The government should first offer the incentive and if no one participates in the program the next step would be to construct a statute. On the other hand, I believe companies will be eager to participate because

What Class I And My Roommate - 984 Words

In Today’s Society, we have many different classes in the United States. As well as, within those classes there are different sections. These social classes consist of: Upper, Middle and Lower Classes. There are different types of Middle class such as, lower and upper middle class. As well as, upper lower and lower classes that would be considered to be living in extreme poverty. For example of extreme poverty would be for those living on less than a dollar a day. According to the Carl Think Sociology textbook, â€Å"There are 37million people that live in poverty. Members of the lower class often live paycheck to paycheck if they even have a job† (Carl Sociology, pg. 126). In this short essay, I will explain what possible class I and my roommate would be in and a do these classes really determine your state of being poor or not? According to our Society’s social class system, my roommate and I since we are living together would both be considered in the functioning lower class system. 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Hospitality Industry Progress and Development

Question: Discuss about the Hospitality Industry for Progress and Development. Answer: As hospitality Goes high-Tech Business Owners need Sufficient Support [sponsored] This article was published in the hospitality magazine of Australia on 14th February 2017. This article has provided important information about the countrys hospitality industry and its relation with the technology. According to Law et al. (2013), technology plays a big role in todays business context as it not only helps to reduce overall costs but also helps to provide better services. Currently in Australia, all the organizations within the hospitality industry are connecting their operations via technology. Integrations are taking place in areas of payments, bookkeeping, and other digital platforms. It is expected that this frequent use of technology in the hospitality industry will only help the industry to experience a major growth in the future. However, t his article also highlights an issue in this situation that can hamper the growth of the industry in near future. According to this article, the managements of the organizations operation within hospitality industry will have to recruit strong support teams that will help to deal with technical issues in the future (Hospitality 2017). A well balanced and developed technical support team is extremely important in hospitality industry as the industry entirely depends on the consumers and technical support team will make sure that the consumers are not having any problem with the newly implemented technologies. On the other hand, only technical support team is capable to handle and resolve any issue related to technology in an organization. If any problem related to technology is not completely resolves t hen it would be annoying for consumers and technical support representatives to fix the same issue every day. On the other hand, occurrence of same issues daily will also affect customer satisfaction and a company will lose its consumers. For this problem, in this article it is recommended that hospitality companies can seek help from Point of sale technology provider Impos. It is not only a technical consultant organization but also can provide quality technical support and services. Their services stay active for 24x7 which is another advantage. This organization was formed out of the hospitality industry and that is why; a huge portion of its employees are former chefs, bartenders and servers (Hospitality 2017). This is why; the employees of Impos who it pretty well what it takes to go above and beyond. Therefore, it would be a good option to share hands with this organization. It is always seen when a business industry tries to implement new technologies, they face several problems at the time of implementation, handling, monitoring and solving issues. This is the same issue that the Australian hospitality industry is expected to face in the near future. Therefore, any organization in the hospitality industry of Australia that is planning to implement POS technology must make sure that its technical support provider is offering robust and continuous support. How well are hospitality Businesses using Social Report? This article was also published in the hospitality magazine of Australia on 24th March, 2017. This article directly does not talk about any issue but points out a major dispute by the hospitality organizations. Nowadays, a new trend in any business is to connect with the consumers through social media platforms. It helps the companies to develop a relationship with the consumers. It helps the companies to establish a loyal consumer base. However, a survey was conducted on 297 hotels, bars and restaurants of Australia (Bowling 2017). From that survey, it was found that nearly half of those organizations are not regularly engaging in conversations with their consumers in social media. Less than 20 percent of those companies are publishing content on Instagram and 65 percent are publishing content on social media once a month. Now the chances are high that it would become a serious problem in the hospitality industry of Australia. According to Leung and Buhalis (2013), communicating with the consumers on social media platform is important for a number of reasons. One of the major advantages of social media communication is, it can provide people more personal brand experience. If an organization can communicate with the consumers directly on the social media, then people will immediately recognize and call out the brand while selecting a product of service. On the other hand, it is easy for the companies to follow up the consumers related to any issues on the social media. Consumers will be able to post their issues without any trouble and organizations can immediately take action based on the complaint. Besides, social media platforms will do free promotion for the organizations. If an organization in hospitality industry provide good services to the consumers, then it is obvious that the consumer will tell the story in social media platforms. It will help the company to get new consumers. On the other hand, it is true that it can also hamper the business of the organizations. As communication becomes transparent, consumers will write down t heir problems in the social media platforms. Frequent complaints about a particular brand will force other consumers to think that the brand is not suitable for them (Leung and Buhalis 2013). However, from the above discussion, it can be stated that it is important to engage with the consumers on social media platforms. Australian companies within hospitality industry are absolutely not focusing on this aspect. The competition in this industry is already high. Companies are trying to find out new strategies to defeat their rivals. Some of them are investing in technology and some of them are improving t heir services. However, it is important for those companies to display their efforts on the social media platforms. On the other hand, opening an account on social media platform is not enough. Personnel of the companies will have to stay active all the time. In order to do that, the organizations can develop a separate department that will only focus on consumer communication in social media platforms. All other departments will be connected with this department so that any complaint related to any department can be communicated as soon as possible. References Bowling, D. 2017.How well are hospitality businesses using social?: report. [online] Hospitality. Available at: https://www.hospitalitymagazine.com.au/food/news/how-well-are-hospitality-businesses-using-social [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Hospitality, 2017.As hospitality goes high-tech business owners need sufficient support [sponsored]. [online] Hospitality. Available at: https://www.hospitalitymagazine.com.au/food/news/as-hospitality-goes-high-tech-business-owners-need [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Law, R., Leung, D., Au, N. and Lee, H.A., 2013. Progress and development of information technology in the hospitality industry: Evidence from Cornell Hospitality Quarterly.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,54(1), pp.10-24.

Nature Topics For Essay - A Few Great Tips

Nature Topics For Essay - A Few Great TipsWhat do you think of when you think of nature topics for essay? To some it is the environment, or how our population has changed and is changing. To others it is national parks, or those vast expanse expanses of land that spread across the entire world.There are so many that it seems as though everyone these days spends a lot of time outdoors and even in their outdoor activities. It is not just about the world of animals, though. With all the continents, oceans, and regions, the nature topics for essay that are addressed to many have a range of topics.A large portion of the topic of these essays is our endangered species and the threats they will present to our children and to future generations. Environmental conditions, pollution, and deforestation are all part of this. There are actually serious threats to these animals that threaten to wipe them out completely, but there are ways to keep them from going extinct. This is what is referred t o as conservation, and conservationists can also teach students about this topic.The education world is not left out when it comes to topics that affect the natural world. There are many who choose to remain in the protective realm of nature to preserve that world.One of the more unique nature topics for essay is about the environment around us. Why does this matter? It does not only in our own country but throughout the world. In some countries where the government is responsible for maintaining the environment, they can teach students how to conserve and protect it.One such issue, to teach students about is sustainable development. Another is the topic of environmental ethics. The best way to illustrate such topics are with pictures, but even when there is no picture involved, writing should be done from a scientific perspective.When talking about such topics as the ecological aspect of a subject, we are talking about the means by which things are produced, how they are used, and what is the effect they have on the environment. Science can be used as a guide for teaching people how to learn more about the natural world. Not only to educate them about it, but to save them from it as well.There are so many such topics, that if you do not want to miss a thing, there is never a good time to read a nature paper. For one, you might want to start right now.